Page 3 - Discussion Paper: Modelling Urban Carrying Capacity and Measuring Quality of Life using System Dynamics
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Discussion Paper
fewer jobs) and reduces when the ratio falls below it Impact of workforce availability on opening of
(signifying availability of jobs). new businesses: This function decreases in value
Impact of available open land on in-migration: This when labour force-to-job ratio falls below 1, and vice
function falls when the ratio of available and required versa. This reflects the positive impact of availability
land falls below 1, resulting in a fall in in-migration. It of an employable work force when launching new
signifies the impact of crowding and lack of open spaces business ventures, and negative impact of the converse.
for people.
Impact of environmental pollution on in-migration: Impact of workforce availability on closing of
This function decreases when the pollution density businesses: This function increases in value when the
increases, signifying the negative impact of increasing labour force-to-jobs ratio falls below 1, signifying an
environmental pollution on in-migration. increased closing of businesses due to lack of employable
Impact of environmental pollution on out- work force. Further, when the ratio increases above
migration: This function increases when the pollution 1, this function again increases, denoting an increased
level increases, causing increase in out-migration. closing of businesses due to a reduced demand for
Impact of environmental pollution on deaths: This goods and services of a largely unemployed population.
function increases with increasing pollution due to the
various negative health impacts of increased pollution. Land Sector
Impact of water availability on in-migration:
This function falls when the ratio of per capita water This sector consists of the stocks of Usable Open Land
availability and water requirement falls below 1; and Total Constructed Land. The former has no inflows as
signifying a negative impact of diminishing water the stock of Usable Open Land for urban growth is taken
availability on the in-migration flow. to be limited (although sufficiently large). Its outflow is
Impact of water availability on out-migration: This construction, due to which the level of this stock reduces
function rises as the ratio of water consumed to water and flows into the stock of constructed land. Growth in
required per capita falls below 1, signifying an increased population (new births and in-migration) as well as opening
out-migration in times of acute water shortage. of new businesses is taken to be the drivers for construction
Impact of water consumption on deaths: This flow. The land requirement for business reduces over time
function rises as the ratio of water consumed to water denoting vertical growth of the city.
required per capita falls below 1, signifying an increase
Fresh Water Sector
in deaths in times of acute water shortage.
This sector has one composite stock of the fresh water
Business Sector resources available (comprising of groundwater as well
as water coming in from surface flows) and a stock of
This sector consists of the stock of active businesses and consumed fresh water. Fresh water recharge (its inflow)
flows of opening and closing of businesses. The normal takes places through recharge on the available open
closing and opening rates of businesses are dynamically land as well as surface flows from rivers. It is consumed
impacted by functions of the various attractiveness factors. (outflow) by the active businesses and population. What
These are described below: is left in the city as untreated water contributes to
Impact of land availability on opening of new environment pollution.
businesses: Signifying the importance and attractiveness Solid Waste Sector
of open land for new businesses, this function increases
when the ratio of available to required open land is The solid waste sector consists of stocks of generated
greater than 1 and falls when it is less than 1. solid waste as well as collected solid waste. Solid waste
Impact of water availability on opening of new is generated by the population, of which a fraction is
businesses: This function decreases when the ratio collected by the municipality. Post collection, some fraction
of available water to water required falls below 1; of the waste is treated/recycled, while the rest is dumped
signifying the negative impact poor water availability contributing to environment pollution.
would have on opening of new businesses.
Impactofwateravailabilityonclosingofbusinesses: Energy and Emissions Sector
This function increases in value when the ratio of water
consumed to water required per unit of business falls Energy consumption is a flow consisting of the energy use
below 1, to reflect an increase in businesses shutting in the municipal services, domestic uses, businesses, and
down due to water scarcity. transportation. Emissions are calculated using the CO2
emission factor and accumulated in the stock of emissions.
FEBRUARY 2016 3
fewer jobs) and reduces when the ratio falls below it Impact of workforce availability on opening of
(signifying availability of jobs). new businesses: This function decreases in value
Impact of available open land on in-migration: This when labour force-to-job ratio falls below 1, and vice
function falls when the ratio of available and required versa. This reflects the positive impact of availability
land falls below 1, resulting in a fall in in-migration. It of an employable work force when launching new
signifies the impact of crowding and lack of open spaces business ventures, and negative impact of the converse.
for people.
Impact of environmental pollution on in-migration: Impact of workforce availability on closing of
This function decreases when the pollution density businesses: This function increases in value when the
increases, signifying the negative impact of increasing labour force-to-jobs ratio falls below 1, signifying an
environmental pollution on in-migration. increased closing of businesses due to lack of employable
Impact of environmental pollution on out- work force. Further, when the ratio increases above
migration: This function increases when the pollution 1, this function again increases, denoting an increased
level increases, causing increase in out-migration. closing of businesses due to a reduced demand for
Impact of environmental pollution on deaths: This goods and services of a largely unemployed population.
function increases with increasing pollution due to the
various negative health impacts of increased pollution. Land Sector
Impact of water availability on in-migration:
This function falls when the ratio of per capita water This sector consists of the stocks of Usable Open Land
availability and water requirement falls below 1; and Total Constructed Land. The former has no inflows as
signifying a negative impact of diminishing water the stock of Usable Open Land for urban growth is taken
availability on the in-migration flow. to be limited (although sufficiently large). Its outflow is
Impact of water availability on out-migration: This construction, due to which the level of this stock reduces
function rises as the ratio of water consumed to water and flows into the stock of constructed land. Growth in
required per capita falls below 1, signifying an increased population (new births and in-migration) as well as opening
out-migration in times of acute water shortage. of new businesses is taken to be the drivers for construction
Impact of water consumption on deaths: This flow. The land requirement for business reduces over time
function rises as the ratio of water consumed to water denoting vertical growth of the city.
required per capita falls below 1, signifying an increase
Fresh Water Sector
in deaths in times of acute water shortage.
This sector has one composite stock of the fresh water
Business Sector resources available (comprising of groundwater as well
as water coming in from surface flows) and a stock of
This sector consists of the stock of active businesses and consumed fresh water. Fresh water recharge (its inflow)
flows of opening and closing of businesses. The normal takes places through recharge on the available open
closing and opening rates of businesses are dynamically land as well as surface flows from rivers. It is consumed
impacted by functions of the various attractiveness factors. (outflow) by the active businesses and population. What
These are described below: is left in the city as untreated water contributes to
Impact of land availability on opening of new environment pollution.
businesses: Signifying the importance and attractiveness Solid Waste Sector
of open land for new businesses, this function increases
when the ratio of available to required open land is The solid waste sector consists of stocks of generated
greater than 1 and falls when it is less than 1. solid waste as well as collected solid waste. Solid waste
Impact of water availability on opening of new is generated by the population, of which a fraction is
businesses: This function decreases when the ratio collected by the municipality. Post collection, some fraction
of available water to water required falls below 1; of the waste is treated/recycled, while the rest is dumped
signifying the negative impact poor water availability contributing to environment pollution.
would have on opening of new businesses.
Impactofwateravailabilityonclosingofbusinesses: Energy and Emissions Sector
This function increases in value when the ratio of water
consumed to water required per unit of business falls Energy consumption is a flow consisting of the energy use
below 1, to reflect an increase in businesses shutting in the municipal services, domestic uses, businesses, and
down due to water scarcity. transportation. Emissions are calculated using the CO2
emission factor and accumulated in the stock of emissions.
FEBRUARY 2016 3
