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Figure 2.2 shows that local government expenditure policies can be 2.2
divided into two categories according to the percentage of expenditure
in low carbon economic sectors against the total local government
expenditure. The first category is the low carbon development potential
category comprising building, transport, water, waste and other
environment sectors; these have a direct bearing on green/low carbon
development. The second category accounts for other development
activities. In Los Angeles, Montreal, and Toronto, the expenditure on
low carbon economic construction accounts for over 40 per cent of the
total local government expenditure which enables local governments
to implement low carbon measures. In particular, in Montreal and
Toronto, over 30 per cent of local government expenditure is spent on
the construction of local transport facilities. Hence, we can say that
the local government expenditure policies, in these two cities, lean
towards or prioritizes a certain low carbon economic sector. The local
government expenditure of Los Angeles is more equally distributed
to major low carbon economic sectors; hence, we can say that the local
government expenditure policies lead to a balanced development of
low carbon economy. In Paris and San Francisco, about 20 per cent
of the local government expenditure is spent on low carbon and
green economy, making the local government expenditure policies of
these two cities at the medium level. In particular, most of the local
government expenditure in Paris goes to the construction and transport
sectors and in San Francisco, the local expenditure on transport
construction takes up two-thirds of the total local expenditure on
low carbon economy, with the rest one-third equally distributed to
Figure 2.1 Percentage of Central Government Expenditure and Local Government Expenditure on
Fixed-Asset Investment in the Environmental Protection Sector in Major OECD Countries (2009)
Source: Merk et al. (2012)
Chapter 2 Innovative Financing for Low Carbon Development 79
divided into two categories according to the percentage of expenditure
in low carbon economic sectors against the total local government
expenditure. The first category is the low carbon development potential
category comprising building, transport, water, waste and other
environment sectors; these have a direct bearing on green/low carbon
development. The second category accounts for other development
activities. In Los Angeles, Montreal, and Toronto, the expenditure on
low carbon economic construction accounts for over 40 per cent of the
total local government expenditure which enables local governments
to implement low carbon measures. In particular, in Montreal and
Toronto, over 30 per cent of local government expenditure is spent on
the construction of local transport facilities. Hence, we can say that
the local government expenditure policies, in these two cities, lean
towards or prioritizes a certain low carbon economic sector. The local
government expenditure of Los Angeles is more equally distributed
to major low carbon economic sectors; hence, we can say that the local
government expenditure policies lead to a balanced development of
low carbon economy. In Paris and San Francisco, about 20 per cent
of the local government expenditure is spent on low carbon and
green economy, making the local government expenditure policies of
these two cities at the medium level. In particular, most of the local
government expenditure in Paris goes to the construction and transport
sectors and in San Francisco, the local expenditure on transport
construction takes up two-thirds of the total local expenditure on
low carbon economy, with the rest one-third equally distributed to
Figure 2.1 Percentage of Central Government Expenditure and Local Government Expenditure on
Fixed-Asset Investment in the Environmental Protection Sector in Major OECD Countries (2009)
Source: Merk et al. (2012)
Chapter 2 Innovative Financing for Low Carbon Development 79
