Page 14 - Breathing Cleaner Air - Ten Scalable Solutions for Indian Cities
P. 14
Clean Air Mission for India - Ten Solutions 10
higher vehicular activity, shares of transport and road that also include secondary particulates formed by
dust are higher in Delhi. Uttar Pradesh, with a significant gaseous pollutants such as SO2, NOx, and VOCs. In most
rural population shows high shares of residential sector instances, the secondary particles contribute as much or
emissions, based on biomass use and emissions from more than the primary particles to PM2.5 and PM10.
agricultural residue burning. Please note that the shares
in primary PM2.5 emissions will not match with the At the regional scale, controlling NOx rather than VOCs
aforementioned sectoral shares in PM2.5 concentrations, should result in more reductions in ozone in India.
as the ambient concentrations also include secondary Other than trans-boundary contributions, transport
particulates formed by gases and atmospheric transport and methane emission are the two most important
from outside Uttar Pradesh. local factors for control of ozone in India (Sharma et
al., 2016). About 60–80% of ozone concentrations,
Delhi across Delhi, are attributed to atmospheric transport
from outside the city (based on Marrapu et al., 2014,
Transport (23%) Industries (1%) TERI Analysis). Among the local factors in Delhi, the
Power plants (6%) transport sector emerges as the most important one to
control, followed by the residential and power sectors.
Refuse burning (12%) Residential (7%)
Road dust (33%) Regional-scale ozone in India: Similar to PM2.5, ozone is
Others (15%) also high in India and especially in the IGP region, due to
Uttar Pradesh the presence of high emissions of precursors like NOx and
Open burning (2%) VOCs (volatile organic compounds). Studies confirm that
Residential DG sets (1%) NOx sensitive conditions prevail generally across India,
(54%) and therefore, controlling NOx should result in more
Others (1%) reduction in ozone at the regional scale than controlling
Open burning(13%) VOCs. The transport sector’s contribution to ozone in
DG sets (1%) India is highest among all sectors (Sharma et al., 2016).
Overall, reducing solely local emissions in India will cause
India Refuse burning (14%) only 28% reduction in ozone.
Transport including Road dust (4%) Urban-scale ozone (Delhi): In contrast to the regional
Industries (15%) scales, in the urban regions, VOC-limited conditions prevail
Power plants (1%) and the titrating reaction of ozone with NO (released
from vehicles) leads to lower ozone concentrations in
Residential (39%) the centre of cities than in the surrounding downwind
Others (1%) regions. Some of the ozone simulation studies conducted
Open burning (7%) for Delhi (Marrapu et al., 2014 [for year 2010]; TERI
DG sets (1%) analysis [for year 2012]) concluded that the contributions
Refuse burning (10%) from outside the city are the major factors contributing
to ozone concentrations in Delhi.
Transport including Road dust (4%)
Industries (36%) Wefindthatthehealthimpactofairpollutionestimated
by studies from Indian institutions (IITM, SRU, and
Power plants (2%) TERI) and by three international groups (WHO, Max
Planck Institute, University of Washington) converge
Figure 3: Share of different sectors in the inventory of annual to the similar numbers and the conclusion that air
(p2r0im11a–ry20P1M22)..5 emissions in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, and India pollution is one of the major causes of premature
deaths in India. It is understood that these studies
Note: Please note these are primary emissions of PM2.5, are based on dose-response functions empirically
while in the text we are referring to PM2.5 concentrations developed in US and Europe. Further research is
required to develop and use dose-response functions
pertinent to Indian conditions. In spite of this data gap
higher vehicular activity, shares of transport and road that also include secondary particulates formed by
dust are higher in Delhi. Uttar Pradesh, with a significant gaseous pollutants such as SO2, NOx, and VOCs. In most
rural population shows high shares of residential sector instances, the secondary particles contribute as much or
emissions, based on biomass use and emissions from more than the primary particles to PM2.5 and PM10.
agricultural residue burning. Please note that the shares
in primary PM2.5 emissions will not match with the At the regional scale, controlling NOx rather than VOCs
aforementioned sectoral shares in PM2.5 concentrations, should result in more reductions in ozone in India.
as the ambient concentrations also include secondary Other than trans-boundary contributions, transport
particulates formed by gases and atmospheric transport and methane emission are the two most important
from outside Uttar Pradesh. local factors for control of ozone in India (Sharma et
al., 2016). About 60–80% of ozone concentrations,
Delhi across Delhi, are attributed to atmospheric transport
from outside the city (based on Marrapu et al., 2014,
Transport (23%) Industries (1%) TERI Analysis). Among the local factors in Delhi, the
Power plants (6%) transport sector emerges as the most important one to
control, followed by the residential and power sectors.
Refuse burning (12%) Residential (7%)
Road dust (33%) Regional-scale ozone in India: Similar to PM2.5, ozone is
Others (15%) also high in India and especially in the IGP region, due to
Uttar Pradesh the presence of high emissions of precursors like NOx and
Open burning (2%) VOCs (volatile organic compounds). Studies confirm that
Residential DG sets (1%) NOx sensitive conditions prevail generally across India,
(54%) and therefore, controlling NOx should result in more
Others (1%) reduction in ozone at the regional scale than controlling
Open burning(13%) VOCs. The transport sector’s contribution to ozone in
DG sets (1%) India is highest among all sectors (Sharma et al., 2016).
Overall, reducing solely local emissions in India will cause
India Refuse burning (14%) only 28% reduction in ozone.
Transport including Road dust (4%) Urban-scale ozone (Delhi): In contrast to the regional
Industries (15%) scales, in the urban regions, VOC-limited conditions prevail
Power plants (1%) and the titrating reaction of ozone with NO (released
from vehicles) leads to lower ozone concentrations in
Residential (39%) the centre of cities than in the surrounding downwind
Others (1%) regions. Some of the ozone simulation studies conducted
Open burning (7%) for Delhi (Marrapu et al., 2014 [for year 2010]; TERI
DG sets (1%) analysis [for year 2012]) concluded that the contributions
Refuse burning (10%) from outside the city are the major factors contributing
to ozone concentrations in Delhi.
Transport including Road dust (4%)
Industries (36%) Wefindthatthehealthimpactofairpollutionestimated
by studies from Indian institutions (IITM, SRU, and
Power plants (2%) TERI) and by three international groups (WHO, Max
Planck Institute, University of Washington) converge
Figure 3: Share of different sectors in the inventory of annual to the similar numbers and the conclusion that air
(p2r0im11a–ry20P1M22)..5 emissions in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, and India pollution is one of the major causes of premature
deaths in India. It is understood that these studies
Note: Please note these are primary emissions of PM2.5, are based on dose-response functions empirically
while in the text we are referring to PM2.5 concentrations developed in US and Europe. Further research is
required to develop and use dose-response functions
pertinent to Indian conditions. In spite of this data gap
